





SIBs offer strong potential for cost‑effective, scalable energy storage, but commercialization is still limited by irreversible capacity losses, fast‑charging safety risks, and electrode degradation that are difficult to disentangle in conventional two‑electrode cells. The overall objective of the PhD Thesis will be: * To develop a sodium‑specific three‑electrode diagnostic platform that enables real‑time, electrode‑resolved monitoring of sodium‑ion batteries (SIBs) to accelerate materials development and support safe fast‑charging optimization. * To combine electrode‑resolved potential monitoring with advanced electrochemical diagnostics - particularly impedance spectroscopy with DRT analysis and voltage relaxation protocols - and, where applicable, complementary techniques (e.g., X‑ray/neutron CT) to improve understanding and detection of sodium plating during fast charging and challenging conditions. The final doctoral thesis topic is determined together with the professor (m/f/d). The prerequisite for cooperation is a confirmation of supervision and the confirmed topic by the professor (m/f/d) of a university or research institution authorized to award doctorates.